Primary & Secondary Sources: Primary & Secondary Sources by Discipline

Looking for primary and secondary sources? Learn what makes something primary or secondary, how to find primary sources, and how to identify a primary research article!

Business

Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Market research and testing, technical studies and investigations, drawings, designs, models, memorandums and letters, computer data, company statistics, consumer surveys, annual reports Discussion of the business world in newspapers, business magazines, journals, government documents, and books.

Education

Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Pilot studies, term projects, sampling results, tests and test data, surveys, interviews, observations, statistics, computer data, lesson plans, syllabi, class assignments Analysis and evaluation of educational experimentation in journals, pamphlets, books, and reports.

Fine & Performing Arts

Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Sculptures, architectural models or drawings, buildings or structures, letters, motion pictures or films, organizational records, paintings, personal accounts, photographs, prints, sketch books, lyrics, scores, sound recordings, music, scripts, production notes Evaluations in journal articles, critical reviews, biographies, and critical books about the authors and their works.

Government, Political Science, History

Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Speeches, writings by presidents and others, the Congressional Record, diaries, narratives, documents written by historical figures; government reports, letters, press releases, official records of legislative groups, interviews, election data, public opinion polls or surveys, treaties or international agreements; diaries, interviews, oral histories, personal accounts, news reports, artifacts, maps, organizational records, photographs, works of art Newspaper reports, news magazines, political journals and newsletters, journal articles, history books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, textbooks, journal articles, biographies, commentaries on a speech, analyses of election data

Law

Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Codes, statutes, court opinions, legislative reports, agency rules and regulations, presidential orders Legal encyclopedias, journal articles, law reviews, treatises, dictionaries, attorney practice materials

Literature

Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Novels, poems, plays, short stories, letters, diaries, manuscripts, autobiographies, interviews, personal accounts Journal articles, reviews, biographies, critical books about writers and their works.

Social Sciences

Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Psychological tests; studies (case studies, follow-up studies, longitudinal studies, treatment outcome studies); clinical case reports; experimental replications; findings from surveys and questionnaires; reports of social workers, psychiatrists, and lab technicians; interviews; oral histories; organizational records; artifacts; statistical data; field notes; site reports; fossils; photographs Commentary and evaluations in reports, documents, journal articles, and books.

Sciences

Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Tools and methods, experiments, findings from tests and experiments, observations, discoveries, test patterns, field notes, specimens, research reports, maps, geological surveys, patents, schematic drawings, technical reports, models Interpretations and discussions of test data, found in journals and books.